{"id":1739,"date":"2021-12-08T19:23:43","date_gmt":"2021-12-08T18:23:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kernsverlag.com\/?p=1739"},"modified":"2021-12-08T19:35:00","modified_gmt":"2021-12-08T18:35:00","slug":"high-level-connections-as-a-key-component-for-the-rapid-dispersion-of-the-neolithic-in-europe-chapter-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kernsverlag.com\/en\/high-level-connections-as-a-key-component-for-the-rapid-dispersion-of-the-neolithic-in-europe-chapter-4\/","title":{"rendered":"High level connections as a key component for the rapid dispersion of the Neolithic in Europe (Chapter 4)"},"content":{"rendered":"
Solange Rigaud 1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup>CNRS, UMR 5199 \u2013 PACEA, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, Pessac, France.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Abstract<\/h2>\n

The transition to farming represents the process by which humans switched from hunting and gathering wild resources to a reliance on domesticated plants and animals. The adoption of domestication and sedentary life was probably promoted by a new system of beliefs and a profound reconfiguration of symbolic and social codes. This paper aims to present how personal ornaments inform the social reorganization of communities by tracking the multiple forms of interactions between groups and individuals. Technological and use-wear analysis of personal adornments, combined with the analysis of a georeferenced database of the bead types used by the last foragers and the first farmers in Europe, explores how interactions and communication networks led to the social reconfiguration of cultural groups and reshaped the cultural geography of Europe 8,000 years ago. The circulation of personal ornaments contributed to building and maintaining extensive and persistent networks of communication between hunter-gatherers and farmers. Long-term stability of contacts enabled the circulation of social, technical, and economic information, essential for the diffusion of the farming lifestyle. The long-term persistence of personal attires within farming communities suggests beads reflected the most entrenched and lasting facets of a farmer\u2019s identity compared to other cultural proxies.<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/h2>\n

The Neolithic Revolution represents the process by which human groups switched from hunting and gathering wild resources to a reliance on systems of food production based on domesticated plants and animals. The reasons for this transformation, which occurred independently and at different times in various regions of the world, have been debated for decades and are still not fully understood (Barker 2006; Bellwood 2005). Proposed causes include climate change (Gronenborn 2009; Richerson, Boyd, and Bettinger 2001; Rowley-Conwy and Layton 2011; Weninger et al. 2006), human\u2013plant co-evolution (Rindos 1984), demography (Bocquet-Appel 2002; Bowles 2011), social incentives (Dietrich et al. 2012), competition and inequality (Wright 2014), or a combination of these (Ammerman and Biagi 2003; Bocquet-Appel 2008). Despite considerable debate concerning proposed causes and mechanisms, consensus exists that this revolution helped create the economic and social foundations on which present-day societies are based, such as diversified food production and storage techniques, surpluses, sedentism, labor specialization, social complexity, and ultimately state institutions.<\/p>\n

In the Fertile Crescent, farming, herding, and sedentism progressively took place 12,000 years ago (12 ka), then spread across Europe from 8.8 ka until 5.5 ka (Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza 1984; Bar-Yosef 2004; Pinhasi, Fort, and Ammerman 2005). Increasingly refined archaeological (\u00d6zdo\u011fan 2011; Perl\u00e8s 2003; Tresset and Vigne 2007), anthropological (Bocquet-Appel 2008; Fern\u00e1ndez et al. 2014; Galeta et al. 2011; Lazaridis et al. 2014), and chronological data (Bocquet-Appel et al. 2009) identify a succession of profound cultural, technical, and economic changes between the last indigenous hunter-gatherers and the first Early Neolithic farmers in Europe. Recent genetic studies reveal complex demographic events took place during the three millennia that farming spread across Europe, including multiple inputs from farmers originating from the Near East, and also a contribution from local foragers and agriculturalist societies (Brandt et al. 2013; Galeta et al. 2011; Haak et al. 2010; Malmstr\u00f6m et al. 2015). The transition to farming was not a linear process and it was slowed down, stopped, or even abandoned several times in specific regions before being definitively adopted in many areas (Shennan et al. 2013; Vigne et al. 2011). Along with these changes, it is generally recognized that the switch to agriculture resulted in, at least during the initial phases, more intense labor, a less diversified diet, increased morbidity, decreased life expectancy, precarious household-based production systems, and increased intra- and inter-group conflict (Cohen 2008; Hershkovitz and Gopher 2008).<\/p>\n

Despite these potential disadvantages, after 5,000 years, the transition to farming was a success almost everywhere in Europe. Maintaining domestication, husbandry, and related cultural practices over large territories implies interindividual interactions with substantial transfers of knowledge (Larson et al. 2014). Beyond the skills required to select, reproduce, and raise animals and plants, domestication also signifies deep social and cultural changes within communities (Cauvin 1998; Digard 1988). Sedentariness may have also significantly affected contact to other people, the range of contacts, the way contacts were maintained between individuals and groups, and the dynamics of exchange of materials and ideas. It is likely that these profound economic and social changes transformed the way individuals perceived themselves and recognized each other and thus completely renewed their multiple past identities.<\/p>\n

Identifying the material evidence of the multiple identities that may have existed within past foraging communities has puzzled archaeologists for several decades (Insoll 2007). Identities are linked to a broad cultural context, are socially mediated, and are implemented through embodiment, personal choices, and actions. They may refer both to individual identity and to group identity. The relation between individuals is seen as an essential factor conditioning people\u2019s actions, based on inexplicit rules and principles that guide their practices within society (Bourdieu 1977). Relationships between people are reproduced during a wide range of everyday activities, encompassing all aspects of the economical, technical, and ritual organizations of society. Group and personal identities are produced and maintained through the social processes related to these daily activities (Diaz-Andreu et al. 2005). The intrinsic link between an individual\u2019s activities and material productions, and interactions between people and identities, implies that the study of past material culture and related practices is insightful for the exploration of past identity constructions and changes (Dobres and Robb 2000). Approaches employed to explore the production and negotiation of identity in the archeological record rely on a broad range of cultural proxies, including tools, plant and animal exploitation, settlement organization, and body modification (Cobb and Gray Jones 2018; Finlay 2006). In this chapter, I will emphasize the recent conceptual, theoretical, and methodological developments in the exploration of past identities through the study of personal ornaments during the transition to the Neolithic in Europe.<\/p>\n

Exactly like today, prehistoric personal ornaments transmitted symbolic messages in order to mediate the many social conventions related to individual and group identity (Sanders 2002). They were used for social transactions, rituals, the transmission of social memories, and to display social status within communities (Carter and Helmer 2015). Body ornaments were central to the creation of social and self identity. Their various associations and the way they were displayed on the body contributed to negotiating identities and unifying or distinguishing communities (Ogundiran 2002).<\/p>\n

Numerous ethnographical studies have demonstrated that symbolic codes expressed by the association of ornaments on the human body change as a result of demic and cultural phenomena, including population replacement and admixture, trade, and the long distance diffusion of cultural traits (Lock and Symes 1999; Verswijver 1986). Personal ornaments can therefore be considered a reliable proxy for reconstructing cultural diversity and change in past societies. Here, I used personal ornaments to track possible interactions and contact networks during the Neolithic transition in Europe that led to changes in past cultural identities (Fig. 1).<\/p>\n

\"Fig.<\/a>
Fig. 1: Selection of personal ornaments found in Mesolithic (1-4) and Early Neolithic contexts (5-28) showing a small part of the diversity of raw materials, shapes and techniques of suspensions potentially used to display various symbolic messages on the body. 1: Cyprinid teeth, Hohlenstein-Stadel (Germany), 2: Littorina obtusata and Trivia sp., El Mazo (Spain), 3: red deer canines, La Bra\u00f1a (Spain), 4: red deer incisors, Vedbaek-B\u00f8gebakken (Denmark), 5-9: Essenbach-Ammerbreite (Germany), 5: calcite pendant, 6-8: Spondylus sp. beads, 9: Theodoxus danubialis, 10-28: Le Ta\u00ef (France), 10: stone bead, 11-24: Cerastoderma sp. discoid beads, 25: Columbella rustica, 26: Dentalium sp., 27: stone ring, 28: calcite pendant (Modified after Rigaud 2014, 2013; Rigaud et al. 2018, 2013; Rigaud and Guti\u00e9rrez-Zugasti 2016; n\u00b04 personal data see also Petersen et al. 2015).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Highly connected mesolithic foraging societies<\/h2>\n

The transfer of cultural traits within and between past communities has long been investigated. Contact between populations can be seen through the circulation of raw materials from their source up to regions located several hundred kilometers away (Astruc 2011; Bajn\u00f3czi et al. 2013; Frost et al. 2004; Querr\u00e9 et al. 2014). The sharing of common stylistic traits in pottery design (Budja 2009; Hallgren 2004; Manen 2002), bone tools shaping and decoration (Man-Estier and Paillet 2013; Tartar et al. 2006), as well as flint weaponry production (Guilaine and Briois 2005; Langlais et al. 2016; Marchand 2003) are also commonly used to track interactions between communities. Maps describing connections, circulation roads, and exchange networks have been produced for many periods of prehistory across many regions (\u00c1lvarez Fern\u00e1ndez 2008; Eriksen 2002; Rigaud 2013).<\/p>\n

In their pioneering study, Newell et al. (1990) examined the chronological and spatial diversity of body ornaments produced by Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from Western Europe, and used ethnographic data and a set of statistical analyses to map the geography of the social, ethnic, and linguistic groups (Newell et al. 1990). In this study, the main geographical corridors seem to be a key parameter for contact networks, the circulation of raw materials, and the shaping of Mesolithic cultural geography.<\/p>\n

One of the most puzzling examples is the use of cyprinid teeth as body ornaments in the Late Mesolithic of the Upper and Lower Danube regions. The use of this raw material for ornaments emerges at the same time in these two remote regions (Newell et al. 1990; Rigaud 2011), and clearly corresponds to a cultural innovation since no previous use of these teeth has been attested during the Paleolithic. In both regions, the fish teeth were acquired from the Danube and suspended with a string attached using an adhesive compound (Cristiani, Farbstein, and Miracle 2014; Rigaud et al. 2013). Comparison of the material culture, economical organization, and mobility pattern between the two regions shows no other significant similarity (Bonsall 2008; Bori\u0107 2008; Jochim 1998; Orschiedt 1998). Body ornaments seem to have been a key element that culturally connected these two remote Danubian populations. Numerous other vast circulation roads lasted several millennia during the Mesolithic and at the beginning of the Neolithic. This is particularly the case for Mediterranean shells that circulated along the Rh\u00f4ne Valley up to Southern Germany (\u00c1lvarez-Fern\u00e1ndez 2001) and along the Ebro Valley up to the Iberian Atlantic coast (Martinez-Moreno, Mora, and Casanova 2010) (Fig. 2).<\/p>\n

\"Fig.<\/a>
Fig. 2: Distribution of the Mediterranean Columbella rustica shells found in 118 Mesolithic occupations (modified after Rigaud 2011) showing that the shells circulated along the Rh\u00f4ne Valley up to Southern Germany (\u00c1lvarez-Fern\u00e1ndez 2001) and along the Ebro Valley up to the Iberian Atlantic coast (Martinez-Moreno et al. 2010).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

However, contact networks were mostly not unidirectional. The use of modern reference data to study the 188 perforated red deer canines discovered in the multiple burials attributed to the final Mesolithic at Gro\u03b2e Ofnet (Bavaria, Germany) shows an accumulation of the canines over time through a vast circulation network. Zooarchaeological and biogeographic data from modern and past reference samples suggests that the metric variability of the red deer canines accumulated at Gro\u03b2e Ofnet covers the metric variability of red deer occupying Southern, Western, and Eastern Europe (Rigaud 2013). This result shows that perforated canines were accumulated through a multidirectional acquisition network.<\/p>\n

The cultural connections visible through the use of similar association of bead types also extends beyond cultural groups identified by other markers. In Atlantic Iberia, the identification of coastal and inland foraging societies who developed distinct economies (Arias 2005) and funerary rites (Arias Cabal 2007; Arias and Alvarez Fernandez 2004; Guti\u00e9rrez-Zugasti 2011) has led archaeologists to propose the existence of territoriality at the end of the Asturian Mesolithic. The presence of common associations of bead types within both societies, however, questions their cultural affinity. By investigating raw material procurement, selection strategies, and the manufacturing processes for shell bead production on coastal sites (El Mazo and El Toral, Spain), it has been proved that all the technical steps required for bead production were conducted in situ<\/span>: collection of the shells, bead manufacture, and use (Rigaud and Guti\u00e9rrez-Zugasti 2016). Conversely, no evidence of shell bead manufacture was identified inland, suggesting the beads were premade before being introduced to the sites (\u00c1lvarez Fern\u00e1ndez 2006; Arias and \u00c1lvarez Fern\u00e1ndez 2004; Mart\u0131nez 2004). Raw material sourcing combined with functional data highlights the complex interaction networks that existed during the Mesolithic between these two bounded communities, including the coastal communities, involved in shell bead production and spread, and the inland communities, which were geographically and economically disconnected from the coastal area but symbolically connected to the coastal group by their common personal ornaments (Rigaud and Guti\u00e9rrez-Zugasti 2016). This particular case study highlights the difficulty in bringing together economical, stylistic, and cultural data in order to define cultural groups.<\/p>\n

Durable connections and the shaping of the early neolithic cultural geography<\/h2>\n

This cultural substrate made up of ultra-connected Mesolithic communities may represent favorable conditions for enhancing the rapid dispersion of the Neolithic in Europe; however, beyond the material evidence of contacts between populations, mechanisms at work in the processes of cultural transmissions and diversifications have also been intensively studied. The contributions of Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman (1981) and Boyd and Richerson (1985), who applied models of evolutionary biology to the transmission of cultural traits, were pioneer studies (Boyd and Richerson 1985; Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman 1981). Cultural evolutionary theories rely on the statement that many aspects of interindividual and intergeneration transmissions are influenced by social learning and the cognitive capacities of human learners (learning and memory abilities) (Griffiths, Kalish, and Lewandowsky 2008). Cultural selection processes (best model, survival advantage), selection bias (efficiency, prestige and conformism in reproduction), and cultural drift (random choice) rule the emergence, persistence, and loss of cultural traits over time (Shennan 2011). Based on the model of \u201cdescent with modification\u201d from ancestral populations, analysis of the pattern of variation in the archaeological record has contributed to the documentation of the various transmission mechanisms responsible for similarities and differences among groups in space and time (Collard and Shennan 2008; Jordan 2010; Shennan 2002; Shennan, Crema, and Kerig 2015; Tehrani and Collard 2009).<\/p>\n

Within this analytical perspective, the database of Newell et al. (1990) was reassessed and updated in order to characterize the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the spatial and chronological patterning of body ornaments during the Neolithic transition (Rigaud 2011). To conduct this study, archeological cultures were considered as the unit of analysis. Archeological cultures correspond to geographic and chronological units characterized by archaeological occupations associated with durable material culture (Boyd and Richerson 1985; Lyman 2008) and represent a system of social information transmission that materializes population-level processes (Riede 2011). It is this short cut between archaeological cultures and past ethnicity that has led researchers to directly equate archeological cultures and past group identity (Childe 1962). This idea has since been widely debated (Binford 1965; Hodder 1978) by stressing that no consensus exists for the use of the concept of ethnicity to denote group versus individual and for the relation between ethnicity and its material expression (Banks 1996). Archeological cultures are mostly defined in the literature according to stone tool technology for the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods and ceramic productions for the Neolithic.<\/p>\n

This study relies on a database of the bead type associations identified in archaeological sites attributed to the three millennia during which the last hunter-gatherers and the first farmers interacted in Europe (Rigaud, d\u2019Errico, and Vanhaeren 2015). It combines a series of multivariate analyses performed to characterize similarities and differences between archaeological cultures based on the diversity of bead type associations identified in each archaeological culture. Results indicate that the two main roads of Neolithic dispersal, through Central Europe and the Mediterranean, are characterized by distinct associations of bead types (Fig. 3). Personal ornaments from the Northern European regions are remarkably homogeneous compared to the highly diverse bead types present in Southern Europe.<\/p>\n

\"Fig.<\/a>
Fig. 3: Cultural geography shaped by the Early Neolithic bead type associations identified in 488 archaeological occupations (black dots, modified after Rigaud 2011; Rigaud et al. 2015).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Raw material availability, however, does not account for the observed pattern. The long distance trade of objects used as beads, well attested during the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic (\u00c1lvarez-Fern\u00e1ndez 2001; Eriksen 2002; Martinez-Moreno, Mora, and Casanova 2010; Rigaud 2013; Zvelebil 2006), supplied the raw materials to regions where they were naturally rare or absent but where beads were still desired. The absence of amber ornaments outside the Baltic area cannot be attributed to the lack of this raw material: amber outcrops are documented in many regions of Europe (Czebreszuk 2007; Desailly 1930; Gardin 1986) and were exploited during the Upper Paleolithic (Beck, Chantre, and Sacchi 1987; White 2007) and probably the Bronze Age (Gardin 1986). Raw material availability also fails to explain the near complete absence of perforated shells in the Baltic area, where numerous suitable shell species were available, at least at the beginning of the transgression circa 8\u20137.2 ka, (Guti\u00e9rrez-Zugasti 2011; H\u00f8is\u00e6ter 2009; Lewis 2011). Since raw material availability is not the determining factor for the observed pattern, the study concluded that the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic cultural geography identified by personal ornament diversity reflects cultural processes that drove the way individuals and groups identified themselves using bodily ornaments (Rigaud, d\u2019Errico, and Vanhaeren 2015).<\/p>\n

Bead type associations identify a well-defined and long-lasting stylistic boundary that persisted through time between Scandinavia and southernmost Europe (Rigaud, d\u2019Errico, and Vanhaeren 2015). Population geneticists recently explored this frontier and identified two complete different population histories between Northern and Southern Europe. They concluded that specific migration patterns contributed to shape the Mesolithic material culture spatial patterning of Northern Europe (Jones et al. 2017; Malmstr\u00f6m et al. 2009; Skoglund et al. 2014). The wide distribution of a specific personal ornament, namely perforated red deer canines, has also led geneticists to consider the high level of connection between groups as a major factor for the absence of genetic structure within southernmost European Mesolithic populations (S\u00e1nchez-Quinto et al., 2012). However, by considering an isolated bead type instead of the associations of personal ornaments, the authors have drastically neglected the high level of cultural diversity previously identified (\u00c1lvarez Fern\u00e1ndez 2006; Dupont 2007; Newell et al. 1990; Rigaud 2011) and failed to relate population history to cultural geography.<\/p>\n

The significant persistence of bead types used by hunter-gatherers is observed within farming communities in Central Europe and the Mediterranean region, where they are associated with new types of adornment exclusively present in farming communities. This is the case of the perforated Columbella rustica and other species of simply perforated gastropods in the Mediterranean area that are preserved from the Mesolithic to the Early Neolithic, but associated with new types of ornaments exclusively present within farming communities and previously unknown in Europe, in particular fully shaped objects such as discoid shell beads or stone bracelets. Bead type associations are highly diverse between each region during the beginning of the Neolithic, but show a similar trend in Central European and Mediterranean areas with the preservation of Mesolithic bead types combined with new Early Neolithic personal ornaments. These particular bead types, already identified in Mesolithic contexts, indicate that certain cultural traits, and probably also individuals, circulated from one society to another (Rigaud 2011; Rigaud, d\u2019Errico, and Vanhaeren 2015). Genetic data (Bentley, Layton, and Tehrani 2009; Soares et al. 2010) are consistent with these results and identify complex demic processes, including the contribution of local hunter-gatherers and Near Eastern farmers to the European gene pool. The appropriation and incorporation of cultural traits could have facilitated the movement of individuals from one community to another and led to the persistence of cultural attributes initially adopted during the Mesolithic. This process could represent a successful strategy for farmers seeking to disperse in areas where large Mesolithic communities were already present, and implies that the cultural geography identified by personal ornaments at the beginning of the Neolithic in Europe is rooted in symbolic practices and stylistic choices inherited from the Mesolithic foraging communities, probably reflecting the most entrenched and lasting facets of a farmer\u2019s cultural identity (Rigaud, Manen, and Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez de Lagr\u00e1n 2018).<\/p>\n

These data show that bead production at the dawn of the Neolithic reflects a long-term strategy favoring the replication of symbolic messages transmitted by personal ornaments. In addition to maintaining supply networks over time, a hypothesis formulated to explain the faithful reproduction of bead type associations suggests that specific transmission processes acted and involved a small number of specialized craftsmen responsible for bead manufacture within the first farming communities (Rigaud, Manen, and Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez de Lagr\u00e1n 2018). Involving few specialized crafters for bead production may limit errors in replication and secure long-term maintenance of styles and symbolic codes. This hypothesis opens up the possible existence of particular sites dedicated to the production and dispersal of ornaments holding a key place in the symbolic landscape of the communities. This category of site is rarely identified in the archaeological record but they are known from the end of the Paleolithic (Rigaud et al. 2019; 2014). At Franchthi Cave (Greece), a large amount of shells, ranging from unperforated in perfect condition to heavily used or broken ornaments, have been recovered in every Mesolithic unit (Perl\u00e8s 2018). The presence of a large number of shells with use-wear suggests worn elements were removed and replaced by newly manufactured ones. Freshly embroidered garments were probably exported from the site (worn by the Franchthi inhabitants themselves) or exchanged with inland sites where similar bead types are found (Perl\u00e8s 2018). This pattern defines Franchthi Cave as a lasting production center that drove the way people shaped their body ornamentation.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n

By studying the personal ornaments belonging to the last foraging and the first farming communities, I examined the circulation, exchange, and transmission of objects, as well as the aesthetic standards and symbols between groups relying on drastically different economies. More specifically, I explored how societies established symbolic relationship through the use of common associations of ornaments and the mechanisms that led some societies to adopt body ornamentations different from those of neighboring communities. The results highlight the stylistic, territorial, and symbolic identities of past human populations who occupied Europe at this time. Europe appears as a cultural patchwork where early farming communities faced different challenges, implying dissimilar opportunities for the exchange and transfer of information with foraging communities and for access to new territories. Changes in personal ornamentation show that population dynamics were ruled by the renewal of symbolic standards, linked to social norms and systems of belief.<\/p>\n

Besides the clear impact of cultural transfers between populations, the role of environmental factors in shaping the cultural geography of Europe has also been characterized (Banks et al. 2013). By applying two predictive architectures to reconstruct the eco-cultural niches of farming populations, based on their geographic occurrences and abiotic and climatic data, ecological niche modeling indicates that cultural processes behind the spread of farming in Europe took place in specific environments compatible with particular cultural adaptations (Banks et al. 2013). That these processes of economic specialization took place in particular environments reinforces the idea of major adaptations of farming cultures within distinct environmental envelopes. Foraging societies were probably not passive participants in the European ecosystem (Colehour 2008): knowledge of seasonal fluctuations in the local environment and landscape, soil properties, patterns of natural germination of local wild plants, and water availability are all essential in the development of a successful production system. Social interactions between foraging and farming populations highlighted by the personal ornaments analysis may have often granted the transmission of useful naturalistic knowledge and related know-how which remain to be explored. Maintaining and reinforcing connections with neighboring communities represented an efficient strategy for emerging farming societies seeking to spread and access new territory.<\/p>\n

Acknowledgements<\/h2>\n

The author wishes to thank Katerina Harvati, Gerhard J\u00e4ger and Hugo Reyes-Centeno for the invitation to the symposium at the University of T\u00fcbingen. This project was successively funded by the Fyssen Foundation, The Marie Curie COFUND programme, the French National Research Agency\u2019s project ANR-13-CULT-0001-01 and the CNRS momentum project \u201cSymbolling and Neighboring at the Dawn of Agriculture in Europe 8000 years ago.\u201d The author is also supported by the \u201cGrand Programme de Recherche, Human Past\u201d from the University of Bordeaux.<\/p>\n

References<\/h2>\n

\u00c1lvarez Fern\u00e1ndez, E. 2008. The use of Columbella rustica (Clase: Gastropoda) in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe during the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic. In V Congreso del Neol\u00edtico Peninsular (Alicante, 27-30 noviembre 2006), ed. by M. Hern\u00e1ndez P\u00e9rez, J. A. Soler Garc\u00eda, and J. A. L\u00f3pez Padilla, pp. 103\u201311. Alicante: Museo Arqueol\u00f3gico de Alicante, Diputaci\u00f3n Provincial de Alicante.<\/p>\n

\u00c1lvarez Fern\u00e1ndez, E. 2006. Los objetos de adorno-colgantes del Paleolitico superior y del Mesolitico en la Cornisa Cantabrica y en el Valle del Ebro: una vision europea. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca.<\/p>\n

\u00c1lvarez-Fern\u00e1ndez, E. 2001. L\u2019axe Rhin-Rh\u00f4ne au Pal\u00e9olithique sup\u00e9rieur r\u00e9cent: l\u2019exemple des mollusques utilis\u00e9s comme objets de parure. L\u2019Anthropologie 105: 547\u201364.<\/p>\n

Ammerman, A. J., and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza. 1984. The Neolithic transition and the genetics of population in Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n

Ammerman, A. J., and P. Biagi. 2003. The Widening Harvest. The Neolithic Transition in Europe: Looking Back, Looking Forward. Archaeological Institute of America. Boston.<\/p>\n

Arias Cabal, P. 2007. Neighbours but diverse: social change in north-west Iberia during the transition trom the Mesolithic to the Neolithic (5500-4000 cal BC). Proceedings of the British Academy 144: 53\u201371.<\/p>\n

Arias, P. 2005. Determinaciones de is\u00f3topos estables en restos humanos de la regi\u00f3n cant\u00e1brica. Aportaci\u00f3n al estudio de la dieta de las poblaciones del Mesol\u00edtico y el Neol\u00edtico. MUNIBE (Antropologia-Arkeologia) 57: 359\u201374.<\/p>\n

Arias, P., and E. Alvarez Fernandez. 2004. Iberian Foragers and Funerary Ritual. A Review of Paleolithic and Mesolithic Evidence on the Peninsula. In The Mesolithic of the Atlantic Fa\u00e7ade: Proceedings of the Santander Symposium. Anthropological Research Papers no 55, ed. by R. Gonzalez Morales and G. A. Clark, pp. 225\u201348. Tempe: Arizona State University.<\/p>\n

Astruc, L. 2011. Du Goll\u00fcda\u011f \u00e0 Shillourokambos: de l\u2019utilisation d\u2019obsidiennes anatoliennes en contexte insulaire. In Shillourokambos, un \u00e9tablissement n\u00e9olithique pr\u00e9-c\u00e9ramique \u00e0 Chypre. Les fouilles du secteur 1, ed. by J. Guilaine, F. Briois, and J.-D. Vigne, pp. 727\u201344. Efa.<\/p>\n

Bajn\u00f3czi, B., G. Sch\u00f6ll-Barna, N. Kalicz, Z. Sikl\u00f3si, G. H. Hourmouziadis, F. Ifantidis, A. Kyparissi-Apostolika, M. Pappa, R. Veropoulidou, and C. Ziota. 2013. Tracing the source of Late Neolithic Spondylus shell ornaments by stable isotope geochemistry and cathodoluminescence microscopy. Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2): 874\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jas.2012.09.022<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Banks, M. 1996. Ethnicity: Anthropological Constructions. London: Routledge.<\/p>\n

Banks, William, N. Antunes, F. D\u2019Errico, and S. Rigaud. 2013. Ecological Constraints on the First Prehistoric Farmers in Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (6): 2746\u20132753.<\/p>\n

Barker, G. 2006. The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why did Foragers become Farmers? Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

Bar-Yosef, O. 2004. Guest editorial: East to West – Agricultural origins and dispersal into Europe. Current Anthropology 45 (S4): S1\u20133.<\/p>\n

Beck, C. W., F. Chantre, and D. Sacchi. 1987. L\u2019\u201cambre\u201d pal\u00e9olithique de la grotte d\u2019Aurensan (Hautes-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es). L\u2019Anthropologie 91 (1): 259\u201361.<\/p>\n

Bellwood, P. 2005. First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Blackwell, Oxford.<\/p>\n

Bentley, R.A., R. Layton, and J. Tehrani. 2009. Kinship, Marriage, and the Genetics of Past Human Dispersals. Human Biology 81 (2-3): Article 4.<\/p>\n

Binford, L. R. 1965. Archaeological systematics and the study of culture process. Antiquity 31: 203\u201310.<\/p>\n

Bocquet-Appel, J.-P. 2002. Paleoanthropological Traces of a Neolithic Demographic Transition. Current Anthropology 43 (4): 637\u201350.<\/p>\n

Bocquet-Appel, J.-P., S. Naji, M. V. Linden, and J. K. Kozlowski. 2009. Detection of diffusion and contact zones of early farming in Europe from the space-time distribution of 14C dates. Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 807\u201320.<\/p>\n

Bocquet-Appel, J. P. 2008. The Neolithic demographic transition, population, pressure and cultural change. Comparative Civilizations Review 58: 36\u201349.<\/p>\n

Bonsall, C. 2008. The Mesolithic of the Iron Gates. In Mesolithic Europe, ed. by G. Bailey and P. Spikins, pp. 238\u201379. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

Bori\u0107, Du\u0161an. 2008. Lepenski Vir culture in the light of new research. Journal of the Serbian Archaeological Society 44: 9\u201344.<\/p>\n

Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511812507<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bowles, S. 2011. Cultivation of cereals by the first farmers was not more productive than foraging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/early\/2011\/03\/02\/1010733108.abstract<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Boyd, R., and P. Richerson. 1985. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

Brandt, G., W. Haak, C. J. Adler, C. Roth, A. Sz\u00e9cs\u00e9nyi-Nagy, S. Karimnia, S. M\u00f6ller-Rieker, et al. 2013. Ancient DNA Reveals Key Stages in the Formation of Central European Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity. Science 342 (6155): 257\u201361.<\/p>\n

Budja, M. 2009. Early Neolithic pottery dispersals and demic diffusion in Southeastern Europe. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVI: 117\u201337.<\/p>\n

Carter, B., and M. Helmer. 2015. Elite Dress and Regional Identity: Chim\u00fa-Inka Perforated Ornaments from Samanco, Nepe\u00f1a Valley, Coastal Peru. BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 20: 46\u201374.<\/p>\n

Cauvin, J. 1998. Naissance Des Divinit\u00e9s, Naissance De L\u2019agriculture: La R\u00e9volution Des Symboles Au N\u00e9olithique. Paris: Paris: CNRS.<\/p>\n

Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., and M. W. Feldman. 1981. Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach. Princeton: Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n

Childe, V. G. 1962. L\u2019Europe pr\u00e9historique: les premi\u00e8res soci\u00e9t\u00e9s europ\u00e9ennes. Paris: Payot.<\/p>\n

Cobb, H., and A. Gray Jones. 2018. Being Mesolithic in Life and Death. Journal of World Prehistory 31 (3): 367\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10963-018-9123-1<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Cohen, M. N. 2008. Implications of the NDT for World Wide Health and Mortality in Prehistory. In The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences, ed. by J-P. Bocquet-Appel and O. Bar-Yosef, pp. 481\u2013500. Springer.<\/p>\n

Colehour, A. M. 2008. The Biogeography of Plant Domestication. Macalester Reviews in Biogeography 1 (Article 1): 1\u201326.<\/p>\n

Collard, M., and S. J. Shennan. 2008. Patterns, processes and parsimony: Studying cultural evolution with analytical techniques from evolutionary biology. In Cultural transmission and material culture: breaking down boundaries, ed. by M. Stark, B. J. Bowser, and L. Horne, pp. 17\u201333. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.<\/p>\n

Cristiani, E., R. Farbstein, and P. Miracle. 2014. Ornamental traditions in the Eastern Adriatic: The Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic personal adornments from Vela Spila (Croatia). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36 (0): 21\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaa.2014.06.009<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Czebreszuk, J. 2007. Amber between the Baltic and the Aegean in the third and second Millenia BC (an Outline of Major Issues). In Between the Aegean and Baltic Seas. Proceedings of the International Conference Bronze and Early Iron Age Interconnections and Contemporary Developments between the Aegean and the Regions of the Balkan Peninsula, Central and Northern Europe, ed. by I. Galanaki, H. Tomas, Y. Galanakis, and R. Laffineur: 363\u201368. Aegaeum 27. Zagreb.<\/p>\n

Desailly, L. 1930. L\u2019Ambre jaune fossile en France et en Belgique. Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9historique de France 27: 360\u201362.<\/p>\n

Diaz-Andreu, M., S. Lucy, S. Babic, and D. Edwards. 2005. The archaeology of identity: Approaches to gender, age, ethnicity, status and religion. London: Routledge.<\/p>\n

Dietrich, O., M. Heun, J. Notroff, K. Schmidt, and M. Zarnkow. 2012. The role of cult and feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities. New evidence from G\u00f6bekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey. Antiquity 86 (333): 674\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0003598X00047840<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Digard, J.-P. 1988. Jalons pour une anthropologie de la domestication animale. L\u2019Homme 28 (4): 27\u201358.<\/p>\n

Dobres, M.-A., and J. E. Robb. 2000. Agency in Archaeology. London: Routledge.<\/p>\n

Dupont, C. 2007. Les amas coquilliers m\u00e9solithiques de T\u00e9viec et d\u2019Hoedic et le d\u00e9p\u00f4t coquillier n\u00e9olithique d\u2019er Yoc\u2019h : de la ressource alimentaire \u00e0 l\u2019utilisation des coquilles vides. Melvan, La Revue des deux \u00eeles 4: 251\u201364.<\/p>\n

Eriksen, B. V. 2002. Fossil Mollusks and Exotic Raw Materials in Late Glacial and Early Find Contexts: A Complement to Lithic Studies. In Lithic raw material economy in late glacial and early posglacial western Europe, ed. by L. E. Fisher and B. Valentin Eriksen, pp. 27\u201352. Oxford: Bar International Series.<\/p>\n

Fano Mart\u0131nez, M. A. 2004. Un nuuevi tiempo: el Mesol\u00edtico en la regi\u00f3n Cant\u00e1brica. Kobie 8: 337\u2013402.<\/p>\n

Fern\u00e1ndez, E., A. P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez, C. Gamba, E. Prats, P. Cuesta, J. Anfruns, M. Molist, E. Arroyo-Pardo, and D. Turb\u00f3n. 2014. Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands. PLoS Genet 10 (6): e1004401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004401<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Finlay, N. 2006. Mesolithic Britain and Ireland: New approaches. In Mesolithic Britain and Ireland: New approaches, ed. by C. Conneller and G. Warren, pp. 25\u201360. Tempus: Stroud.<\/p>\n

Frost, R. L., M. L. Weier, K. L. Erickson, O. Carmody, and S. J. Mills. 2004. Raman spectroscopy of phosphates of the variscite mineral group. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 35 (12): 1047\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrs.1251<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Galeta, P., V. Sl\u00e1dek, D. Sosna, and J. Bruzek. 2011. Modeling Neolithic dispersal in Central Europe: Demographic implications. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146 (1): 104\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.21572<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gardin, C.du. 1986. La parure d\u2019ambre \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ge du Bronze en France. Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9historique fran\u00e7aise 83: 546\u201388.<\/p>\n

Griffiths, T. L., M. L. Kalish, and S. Lewandowsky. 2008. Theoretical and empirical evidence for the impact of inductive biases on cultural evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363 (1509): 3503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2008.0146<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gronenborn, D. 2009. Climate fluctuations and trajectories to complexity in the Neolithic: Towards a theory. Documenta Praehistorica 36: 97\u2013110.<\/p>\n

Guilaine, J., and B. Fran\u00e7ois. 2005. Shillourokambos et la n\u00e9olithisation de Chypre: quelques reflexions. Mayurqa 30: 13\u201332.<\/p>\n

Guti\u00e9rrez-Zugasti, I. 2011. Coastal resource intensification across the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in Northern Spain: Evidence from shell size and age distributions of marine gastropods. Quaternary International 244: 54\u201366.<\/p>\n

Haak, W., Oleg Balanovsky, Juan J. Sanchez, Sergey Koshel, Valery Zaporozhchenko, Christina J. Adler, Clio S.I Der Sarkissian, et al. 2010. Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers RevealsTheir Near Eastern Affinities. PloS Biology 8 (11): e1000536.doi:10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000536.
\nHallgren, F. 2004. The introduction of ceramic technology around the Baltic Sea in the 6th<\/sup> millennium. In Coast to coast- landing, ed. by H. Knutsson, pp. 123\u201342. Uppsala.<\/p>\n

Hershkovitz, I., and A. Gopher. 2008. Demographic, Biological and Cultural Aspects of the Neolithic Revolution: A View from the Southern Levant. In The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences, ed. by J-P. Bocquet-Appel and O. Bar-Yosef, pp. 441\u201380. Springer.<\/p>\n

Hodder, I. 1978. Simple correlations between material culture and society: A review. In The Spatial Organisation of Culture, ed. by Ian Hodder, pp. 3\u201324. London: Duckworth.<\/p>\n

H\u00f8is\u00e6ter, T. 2009. Distribution of marine, benthic, shell bearing gastropods along the Norwegian coa. Fauna norvegica 28: 5\u2013106.<\/p>\n

Insoll, T. 2007. The Archaeology of Identities: A Reader. London: Routledge.<\/p>\n

Jochim, M. A. 1998. A Hunter-Gatherer Landscape: Southwest Germany in the Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic. Springer. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. New York: Springer.<\/p>\n

Jones, E. R., G. Zarina, V. Moiseyev, E. Lightfoot, P. R. Nigst, A. Manica, R. Pinhasi, and D. G. Bradley. 2017. The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers. Current Biology 27 (4): 576\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.060<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Jordan, P. 2010. Understanding the spread of innovations in prehistoric social networks: new insights into the origins and dispersal of early pottery in Northern Eurasia. In Transference: interdisciplinary communications, ed. by W. Ostreing. Centre for Advanced Studies, internet publication at https:\/\/www.cas.uio.no\/publications\/transference.php<\/a>. Oslo.<\/p>\n

Langlais, M., A. S\u00e9cher, S. Caux, V. Delvigne, L. Gourc, C. Normand, and M. S\u00e1nchez de la Torre. 2016. Lithic tool kits: A Metronome of the evolution of the Magdalenian in southwest France (19,000\u201314,000 cal BP). Quaternary International 414: 92\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quaint.2015.09.069<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Larson, G., D. R. Piperno, R. G. Allaby, M. D. Purugganan, L. Andersson, M. Arroyo-Kalin, L. Barton, et al. 2014. Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 111 (17): 6139\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1323964111<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Lazaridis, I., N. Patterson, A. Mittnik, G. Renaud, S. Mallick, K. Kirsanow, P. H. Sudmant, et al. 2014. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513 (7518): 409\u201313.<\/p>\n

Lewis, J. P. 2011. Holocene environmental change in coastal Denmark: Interactions between land, sea and society. Ph.D. Denmark: Loughborough University.<\/p>\n

Lock, A., and K. Symes. 1999. Social relations, communication, and cognition. In Human Symbolic Evolution, ed. by A. Lock and C. R. Peters, pp. 204\u201332. Oxford: Oxford Science Publication.<\/p>\n

Lyman, R. L. 2008. Cultural Transmission in North American Anthropology and Archaeology, ca. 1895-1965. In Cultural Transmission and Archaeology: Issues and Case Studies, ed. by M. J. O\u2019Brien, pp. 10\u201320. Washington D.C.: Society for American Archaeology Press.<\/p>\n

Malmstr\u00f6m, H., M. T. P. Gilbert, M. G. Thomas, M. Brandstr\u00f6m, J. Stor\u00e5, P. Molnar, P. K. Andersen, et al. 2009. Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians. Current Biology 19: 1758\u201362.<\/p>\n

Malmstr\u00f6m, H., A. Linderholm, P. Skoglund, J. Stor\u00e5, P. Sj\u00f6din, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, G. Holmlund, et al. 2015. Ancient mitochondrial DNA from the northern fringe of the Neolithic farming expansion in Europe sheds light on the dispersion process. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370 (1660). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2013.0373<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Manen, C. 2002. Structure et identit\u00e9 des styles c\u00e9ramiques du N\u00e9olithique ancien entre Rh\u00f4ne et \u00c8bre. Gallia pr\u00e9histoire 44: 121\u201365.<\/p>\n

Man-Estier, E., and P. Paillet. 2013. Rochereill et l\u2019art Magdal\u00e9nien de la fin du Tardiglaciaire dans le nord du P\u00e9rigord (Dordogne, France). In Expressions esth\u00e9tiques et comportements techniques au Pal\u00e9olithique, ed. by Marc Groenen, pp. 7\u201336. Oxford: Archeopress. BAR International Series.<\/p>\n

Marchand, G. 2003. Les zones de contact M\u00e9solithique \/ N\u00e9olithique dans l\u2019ouest de la France : d\u00e9finition et implications. In Muita gente, poucas antas? Origens, espa\u00e7os e contextos do Megalitismo. Actas do II Coloquio Internacional sobre Megalitismo, ed. by V. S. Gon\u00e7alves, pp. 181\u201397. Trabalhos de Arqueologia.<\/p>\n

Martinez-Moreno, J., R. Mora, and J. Casanova. 2010. Lost in the mountains? Marine ornaments in the Mesolithic of the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. MUNIBE 31: 100\u2013109.<\/p>\n

Newell, R. R., D. Kielman, T. S. Constandse-Westermann, W. A. B. van der Sanden, and A. Van Gijn. 1990. An Inquiry Into the Ethnic Resolution of Mesolithic Regional Groups: The Study of Their Decorative Ornaments in Time and Space. Leyden: Brill.<\/p>\n

Ogundiran, A. 2002. Of Small Things Remembered: Beads, Cowries, and Cultural Translations of the Atlantic Experience in Yorubaland. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 35 (2\/3): 427\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3097620<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Orschiedt, J. 1998. Ergebnisse einer neuen Untersuchung der sp\u00e4tmesolithischen Kopfbestattungen aus S\u00fcddeutschland. In Aktuelle Forschungen zum Mesolithikum, ed. by N. Conard and J. C. Kind, pp. 147\u201360. Tubingen: Mo Vince.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zdo\u011fan, M. 2011. Archaeological Evidence on the Westward Expansion of Farming Communities from Eastern Anatolia to the Aegean and the Balkans. Current Anthropology 52 (S4): S415\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/658895<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Perl\u00e8s, C. 2003. An alternate (and old-fashioned) view of Neolithisation in Greece. Documenta Praehistorica XXX: 99\u2013113.<\/p>\n

Perl\u00e8s, C. 2018. Ornaments and other ambiguous artifacts from Franchthi. Volume 1, The Palaeolithic and the Mesolithic. Excavations at Franchthi Cave, Greece. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.<\/p>\n

Pinhasi, R., J. Fort, and A. J. Ammerman. 2005. Tracing the Origin and Spread of agriculture in Europe. PLoS Biology 3 (12): 2220\u201328.<\/p>\n

Querr\u00e9, G., T. Calligaro, S. Dom\u00ednguez-Bella, and S. Cassen. 2014. PIXE analyses over a long period: The case of Neolithic variscite jewels from Western Europe (5th\u20133th millennium BC). The 13th International Conference on Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE 2013) 318, Part A (jan): 149\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nimb.2013.07.033<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Richerson, P. J., R. Boyd, and R. L. Bettinger. 2001. Was Agriculture Impossible during the Pleistocene but Mandatory during the Holocene? A Climate Change Hypothesis. American Antiquity 66 (3): 387\u2013411.<\/p>\n

Riede, F. 2011. Steps towards operationalizing an evolutionary archaeological definition of culture. In Investigating Archaeological Cultures: Material Culture, Variability, and Transmission, ed. by B. W. Roberts and M. V. Linden, pp. 245\u201370. New York: Springer Verlag.<\/p>\n

Rigaud, S. 2011. La parure: Traceur de la g\u00e9ographie culturelle et des dynamiques de peuplement au passage M\u00e9solithique-N\u00e9olithique en Europe. Universit\u00e9 Sciences et Technologies, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux.<\/p>\n

Rigaud, S. 2013. Les objets de Parure associ\u00e9s au d\u00e9p\u00f4t fun\u00e9raire m\u00e9solithique de Gro\u00dfe Ofnet: Implications pour la compr\u00e9hension de l\u2019organisation sociale des derni\u00e8res soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de chasseurs-cueilleurs du Jura Souabe. Anthropozoologica 48 (2): 207\u2013230. http:\/\/www.bioone.org\/doi\/abs\/10.5252\/az2013n2a2<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Rigaud, S., S. Costamagno, J.-M. P\u00e9tillon, P. Chalard, V. Laroulandie, and M. Langlais. 2019. Settlement Dynamic and Beadwork: New Insights on Late Upper Paleolithic Craft Activities. PaleoAnthropology 2019: 137\u201355.<\/p>\n

Rigaud, S., F. d\u2019Errico, and M. Vanhaeren. 2015. Ornaments Reveal Resistance of North European Cultures to the Spread of Farming. PLoS ONE 10 (4): e0121166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0121166<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Rigaud, S., F. d\u2019Errico, M. Vanhaeren, and X. Pe\u00f1alber. 2014. A short-term, task-specific site: Epipalaeolithic settlement patterns inferred from marine shells found at Praileaitz I (Basque Country, Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science 41 (0): 666\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jas.2013.10.009<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Rigaud, S., and I. Guti\u00e9rrez-Zugasti. 2016. Symbolism among the Last Hunter\u2013Fisher\u2013Gatherers in Northern Iberia: Personal Ornaments from El Mazo and El Toral III Mesolithic Shell Midden Sites. Quaternary International 407 (July): 131\u201344.<\/p>\n

Rigaud, S., C. Manen, and I. Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez de Lagr\u00e1n. 2018. Symbols in motion: Flexible cultural boundaries and the fast spread of the Neolithic in the western Mediterranean. PLOS ONE 13 (5): e0196488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0196488<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Rigaud, S., M. Vanhaeren, A. Queffelec, G. Bourdon, and F. d\u2019Errico. 2013. The Way We Wear Makes the Difference: Residue Analysis Applied to Mesolithic Personal Ornaments from Hohlenstein-Stadel (Germany). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 6 (2014): 133\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12520-013-0169-9<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Rindos, D. 1984. The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutionary Perspective. Academic Press.<\/p>\n

Rowley-Conwy, P., and R. Layton. 2011. Foraging and farming as niche construction: Stable and unstable adaptations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366 (1566): 849\u201362.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1nchez-Quinto, F., H. Schroeder, O. Ramirez, M. C. \u00c1vila-Arcos, M. Pybus, I. Olalde, A. M. V. Velazquez, et al. 2012. Genomic Affinities of Two 7,000-Year-Old Iberian Hunter-Gatherers. Current Biology 22 (16): 1494\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2012.06.005<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Sanders, J. M. 2002. Ethnic Boundaries and Identity in Plural Societies. Annual Review of Sociology 28: 327\u201357.<\/p>\n

Shennan, S. J. 2002. Genes, memes and human history. Darwinian archaeology and cultural evolution. London: Thames and Hudson.<\/p>\n

Shennan, S. 2011. Descent with modification and the archaeological record. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366 (1567): 1070\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2010.0380<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Shennan, S., S. S. Downey, A. Timpson, K. Edinborough, S. Colledge, T. Kerig, K. Manning, and M. G. Thomas. 2013. Regional population collapse followed initial agriculture booms in mid-Holocene Europe. Nature Communications 4 (1): 2486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms3486<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Shennan, S. J., E. R. Crema, and T. Kerig. 2015. Isolation-by-distance, homophily, and \u201ccore\u201d vs. \u201cpackage\u201d cultural evolution models in Neolithic Europe. Evolution and Human Behavior 2: 103\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2014.09.006<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Skoglund, P., H. Malmstr\u00f6m, A. Omrak, M. Raghavan, C. Valdiosera, T. G\u00fcnther, P.Hall, et al. 2014. Genomic Diversity and Admixture Differs for Stone-Age Scandinavian Foragers and Farmers. Science 344 (6185): 747\u201350.<\/p>\n

Soares, P., A. Achilli, O. Semino, W. Davies, V. Macaulay, H.-J. Bandelt, A. Torroni, and M. B. Richards. 2010. The Archaeogenetics of Europe. Current Biology 20 (4): R174\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2009.11.054<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tartar, E., N. Reyssandier, F. Bon, and D. Liolios. 2006. \u00c9quipement de chasse, \u00e9quipement domestique: une distinction efficace ? R\u00e9flexion sur la notion d\u2019investissement technique dans les industries aurignaciennes. In Normes techniques et pratiques sociales: de la simplicit\u00e9 des outillages pr\u00e9- et protohistoriques, ed. by L. Astruc, F. Bon, V. L\u00e9a, P.-Y. Milcent, S. Philibert, pp. 107\u201317. \u00c9ditions Antibes: APDCA.<\/p>\n

Tehrani, J., and M. Collard. 2009. On the relationship between inter-individual cultural transmission and population-level cultural diversity: a case-study of weaving in Iranian tribal populations. Evolution and Human Behavior 30: 286\u2013300.<\/p>\n

Tresset, A., and J. D. Vigne. 2007. Substitution of species, techniques and symbols at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Western Europe. Proceedings of the British Academy 144: 189\u2013210.<\/p>\n

Verswijver, G. 1986. Analyse comparative des parures Nahua: similitudes et diff\u00e9rences. Mus\u00e9e d\u2019Ethnographie de la Ville de Gen\u00e8ve. Bulletin Annuel 29: 25\u201367.<\/p>\n

Vigne, J.-D., I. Carr\u00e8re, F. Briois, and J. Guilaine. 2011. The Early Process of Mammal Domestication in the Near East: New Evidence from the Pre-Neolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic in Cyprus. Current Anthropology 52 (S4): S255\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/659306<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Weninger, B., E. Alram-Stern, E. Bauer, L.Clare, U. Danzeglocke, O. J\u00f6ris, C. Kubatzki, G. Rollefson, H. Todorova, and T. van Andel. 2006. Climate forcing due to the 8200 cal yr BP event observed at Early Neolithic sites in the eastern Mediterranean. Quaternary Research 66: 401\u201320.<\/p>\n

White, R. 2007. Systems of personal ornamentation in the early Upper Palaeolithic: methodological challenges and new observations. In Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural & Biological Perspectives on the Origins and Dispersal of Modern Humans, ed.by P. Mellars and C. Stringer, pp. 1\u201330. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archeological Research.<\/p>\n

Wright, K. I. 2014. Domestication and inequality? Households, corporate groups and food processing tools at Neolithic \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 33 (March): 1\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaa.2013.09.007<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Zvelebil, M. 2006. Mobility, contact, and exchange in the Baltic Sea basin. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25: 178\u201392.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\nThe transition to farming represents the process by which humans switched from hunting and gathering wild resources to a reliance on domesticated plants and animals.\n<\/div>\n
Continue reading “High level connections as a key component for the rapid dispersion of the Neolithic in Europe (Chapter 4)”<\/span>…<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[393,297,304],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1739","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ancient-connections-eurasia-en","category-english","category-open-access-articles","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kernsverlag.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1739","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kernsverlag.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kernsverlag.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kernsverlag.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kernsverlag.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1739"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/kernsverlag.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1739\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1755,"href":"https:\/\/kernsverlag.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1739\/revisions\/1755"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kernsverlag.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1739"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kernsverlag.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1739"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kernsverlag.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1739"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}